Internet Draft David M'Raihi
Category: Informational VeriSign
Document: draft-mraihi-inch-thraud-07.txt Sharon Boeyen
Expires: January 2009 Entrust
Michael Grandcolas
Grandcolas Consulting
LLC
Siddharth Bajaj
VeriSign
July 2008
Sharing Transaction Fraud Data
Status of this Memo
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Abstract
This document describes a document format for exchanging transaction fraud (Thraud) information. It extends the Incident Handling Working Group (INCH WG) Incident Object Description Exchange Format (IODEF) incident reporting document format.
Table of Contents
3. Anatomy of a Transaction Fraud
4. IODEF-Document Incident Class
5. Thraud Record Class Definitions
5.1. FraudEventPaymentType Class
5.2. FraudEventTransferType Class
5.3. FraudEventIdentityType Class
5.4. FraudEventOtherType Class
6. IODEF Profile for an Activity Thraud Report
7. IODEF profile for a Signature Thraud Report
8. IODEF Additional Attribute Values
Appendix A. Thraud Record XML Schema
Appendix B. Example of a Thraud Report
Financial organizations and merchants that offer online access to their services frequently encounter fraud perpetrated against their customers' accounts. In their attempts to combat these frauds, the organizations and their law enforcement agencies could benefit greatly by sharing intelligence about fraud incidents and patterns with similar organizations and agencies. This specification standardizes a document format by which they can share such information. It is intended to facilitate multi-vendor interoperability between conformant components of an open fraud reporting framework.
Information sharing can take place directly between financial organizations and merchants. However, the power of shared intelligence is multiplied many times if the information is gathered from multiple sources by a shared network, consolidated and redistributed to participants.
In this arrangement, incident reports submitted to the network are called inbound reports, and reports issued by the network are called outbound reports.
Inbound reports should be submitted using a push-style protocol (such as email or SOAP). And outbound reports may either be distributed using a push-style protocol or a request/response protocol (such as HTTP).
Inbound reports identify the contributor of the report, as this information is essential in evaluating the quality of the information it contains and in contacting the source for the purpose of clarification. But, outbound reports commonly do not identify the original sources, as those sources may not wish to be identified to other subscribers. Such reports should, instead, identify the consolidator as the source.
A report may describe a particular transaction that is known to be, or believed to be, fraudulent, or it may describe a pattern of behavior that is believed to be indicative of fraud. The former type of report is called an 'activity report' and the latter a 'signature report'.
The schema defined herein extends the IODEF XML incident reporting schema [RFC5070].
In section 3 we introduce the actors in a typical transaction fraud. Fraud reporting by means of an IODEF-Document is described in section 4. We define the elements of a Thraud Report in section 5. In section 6 we describe the Activity Thraud Report profile of the IODEF specification. And in section 7 the profile for a Signature Thraud Report is described. In section 8 we define new attribute values for the IODEF Incident class. Security considerations are described in section 9. And, Section 10 contains a request to IANA to register the associated media sub-type and XML namespace identifier. The Appendices contain the complete XML schema and a sample Thraud Report.
Data elements in this document are expressed in Unified Modeling Language (UML) syntax [UML].
XML namespace prefixes are used throughout this document to stand for their respective XML namespaces, as follows.
iodef: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:iodef-1.0
thraud: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:thraud-1.0
xs: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
xsi: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. Anatomy of a Transaction Fraud
The actors in a typical transaction fraud are shown in Figure 1.
+--------------------------------------+
| Fraudsters |
| (collect & verify victim credentials |
| via phishing, malware, etc.) |
+--------------------------------------+
|
|recruit
|
| ----------------disburse profits-----------------
| | |
v v |
+-----------+ +--------------+ +-------+
| | | | | Fraud |
| |--Open Dest Acct-->| Financial |---->| Dest. |
| | | Organization | |Account|
| Fraud | +--------------+ +-------+
| Executors | ^ funds
| | | transfer
| | +--------------+ +-------+
| | | Victim’s | | |
| |---Init Transfer-->| Financial |<-o--|Victim |
| | | Organization | | |Account|
+-----------+ +--------------+ | +-------+
v
+-----------+
| Fraud |
| Detection |
| Sensors |
|(realtime/ |
| offline) |
+-----------+
Figure 1. Transaction Fraud Elements
Transaction fraud activities normally involve the following actors:
1. Fraudsters are individuals or organizations that collect victims' login credentials using a variety of means, including phishing and malware, and verify them (usually by attempting to login to the victim’s account). Then the Fraudsters may either recruit Fraud Executors themselves or wholesale the victims' credentials to other Fraudsters, who will, in turn, recruit Fraud Executors.
2. Fraud Executors are individuals who attempt the fraudulent funds transfer or payment. In the case of fraudulent funds transfers, an account at the same financial organization as that of the victim, or a different one, is opened, as the destination account for the fraudulent transfer. Alternatively, a fraudulent payment is made using a check or electronic transfer.
3. Victims of both credential theft and transaction fraud.
4. Financial Organizations that hold the victim's and the Fraud Executor's accounts.
5. Sensors at the Financial Organization that detect fraudulent transaction attempts, either in real-time or after the fact.
The intention of Thraud reporting is to enable any organization that has detected fraud to share this information, either internally or with other potential victim organizations. The receiving organization can use this information, for example, to institute manual review of transactions initiated from suspicious IP addresses.
4. IODEF-Document Incident Class
A Thraud Report SHALL be an instance of the IODEF-Document class, as defined in [RFC5070]. The report SHALL contain at least one Incident object, as defined in [RFC5070]. Each Incident object SHOULD contain information about a single fraud strategy. One Incident object MAY contain information about multiple fraudulent transactions that are consistent with the same fraud strategy. Each fraudulent transaction SHALL be described in a separate EventData object. The data model for the Incident class is defined in [RFC5070] and is repeated here, as Figure 2, for the reader's convenience.
+-------------+
| Incident |
+-------------+
|ENUM |<>----------[ IncidentID ]
| purpose |<>--{0..1}--[ AlternativeID ]
|STRING |<>--{0..1}--[ RelatedActivity ]
| ext-purpose |<>--{0..1}--[ DetectTime ]
|ENUM |<>--{0..1}--[ StartTime ]
| lang |<>--{0..1}--[ EndTime ]
|ENUM |<>----------[ ReportTime ]
| restriction |<>--{0..*}--[ Description ]
| |<>--{1..*}--[ Assessment ]
| |<>--{0..*}--[ Method ]
| |<>--{1..*}--[ Contact ]
| |<>--{1..*}--[ EventData ]<>--[ AdditionalData ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ History ]
| |<>--{1..*}--[ AdditionalData ]
+-------------+
Figure 2. Data model of the Incident class
The AdditionalData abstract class is an extension point in the schema of the EventData class. Implementers SHALL include exactly one of the following objects in AddtionalData: FraudEventPayment, FraudEventTransfer, FraudEventIdentity and FraudEventOther. Collectively, these are known as Thraud Records. The corresponding classes are defined by this specification in section 5, below.
The Thraud profile of the Incident class is defined in sections 6 and 7, below.
5. Thraud Record Class Definitions
Thraud Records are expressed in XML. Therefore, the dtype attribute of the AdditionalData element SHALL be assigned the value 'xml'.
A payment Thraud Record SHALL be structured as shown in Figure 3. See also section 5.1.
+------------------+
| AdditionalData |
+------------------+
| ENUM dtype (xml) |<>-----[ FraudEventPayment ]
+------------------+
Figure 3. The FraudEventPayment extension
A funds-transfer Thraud Record SHALL be structured as shown in Figure 4. See also section 5.2.
+------------------+
| AdditionalData |
+------------------+
| ENUM dtype (xml) |<>-----[ FraudEventTransfer ]
+------------------+
Figure 4. The FraudEventTransfer extension
An identity Thraud Record SHALL be structured as shown in Figure 5. See also section 5.3.
+------------------+
| AdditionalData |
+------------------+
| ENUM dtype (xml) |<>-----[ FraudEventIdentity ]
+------------------+
Figure 5. The FraudEventIdentity extension
Other Thraud Records SHALL be structured as shown in Figure 6. See also section 5.4. The FraudEventOther class has an open definition to act as a placeholder for event types that emerge in the future.
+------------------+
| AdditionalData |
+------------------+
| ENUM dtype (xml) |<>----[ FraudEventOther ]
+------------------+
Figure 6. The FraudEventOther extension
5.1. FraudEventPaymentType Class
The FraudEventPaymentType class is used to report payee instructions for a fraudulent payment or fraudulent payment attempt. Fraudsters sometimes use the same payee instructions (including the amount) for multiple fraudulent payment attempts. By reporting the payment instructions used in the fraud, other oragnizations may be able to detect similar fraudulent payment attempts to the same payee.
The structure of the FraudEventPaymentType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 7.
+-------------+
| FraudEvent- |
| PaymentType |
+-------------+
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PayeeName ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PostalAddress ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PayeeAmount ]
+-------------+
Figure 7. The FraudEventPaymentType class
The contents of the FraudEventPaymentType class are described below. At least one component MUST be present.
Zero or one value of type iodef:MLString. The name of the payee.
Zero or one value of type iodef:MLString. The format SHALL be as documented in Sections 2.23 of [RFC4519], which defines a postal address as a free-form multi-line string separated by the "$" character.
Zero or one value of type thraud:AmountType. See Section 5.5.
5.2. FraudEventTransferType Class
The FraudEventTransferType class is used to report the payee instructions for a fraudulent funds transfer or fraudulent funds transfer attempt. Fraudsters sometimes use the same payee instructions (including the amount) for multiple fraudulent funds transfer attempts. By reporting the funds transfer instructions used in the fraud, other organizations may be able to detect similar fraudulent funds transfer attempts to the same payee.
The structure of the FraudEventTransferType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 8.
+--------------+
| FraudEvent- |
| TransferType |
+--------------+
| |<>--{0..1}--[ BankID ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ AccountID ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ AccountType ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ TransferAmount ]
+--------------+
Figure 8. The FraudEventTransferType class
The contents of the FraudEventTransferType class are described below. At least one component MUST be present.
Zero or one value of type thraud:BankIDType. The structure of the BankIDType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 9. The contents SHALL be of type xs:string. The namespace attribute SHALL be of type xs:anyURI and SHALL identify the numbering system used to identify the bank or account.
+-------------------+
| BankIDType |
+-------------------+
| STRING |
| |
| STRING namespace |
+-------------------+
Figure 9. The BankIDType class
A list of registered namespace identifiers is maintained at:
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/bank-id-namespace
The following namespace attribute values and their semantics are registered.
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/bank-id-namespace.htm#american_bankers_association
One of the nine-digit Routing Numbers registered to the financial organization that holds the account, as administered by The American Bankers Association.
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/bank-id-namespace.htm#canadian_payments_association
The three digit Institution Number registered to the financial organization that holds the account, as administered by The Canadian Payments Association.
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/bank-id-namespace.htm#iso13616_1_2007
The corresponding AccountId represents the ISO 13616 International Bank Account Number in the 'electronic form' (i.e. containing no spaces) that is assigned to the account, as administered by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). The corresponding BankId xs:string value SHOULD be set to the null string. Receiving organizations SHOULD ignore the corresponding BankId value.
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/bank-id-namespace.htm#iso9362_1994
The eight character Bank Identifier Code registered to the financial organization that holds the account, as administered by SWIFT.
Other namespace values MUST be agreed between participants. Requests to register new values SHOULD be made at:
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/register/bank-id-namespace
Note that a single organization may be identified by more than one value for any one or more of these namespaces. So, receiving organizations SHOULD take this into account in their matching procedure.
Zero or one value of type xs:string. The destination primary account number, as administered by the financial organization identified in the BankId element. In the case where the BankId namespace attribute value is 'iso13616_1_2007', this element SHALL contain the International Bank Account Number in the 'electronic form' (i.e. containing no spaces) that is assigned to the account. In all other cases, the element SHALL contain only the account number, as administered by the financial organization that holds the account. The reporting organization SHALL remove all prefixes that identify the country, bank or branch.
Zero or one value of type thraud:AccountTypeType. See section 5.6.
Zero or one value of type thraud:AmountType. See Section 5.5.
5.3. FraudEventIdentityType Class
The FraudEventIdentityType class is used to report a fraudulent impersonation or fraudulent impersonation attempt. By reporting the impersonation event, other potential victims may be able to detect similar fraudulent impersonation attempts.
The structure of the FraudEventIdentityType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 10.
+--------------+
| FraudEvent- |
| IdentityType |
+--------------+
| |<>--{1..*}--[ IdentityComponent ]
+--------------+
Figure 10. The FraudEventIdentityType class
The contents of the FraudEventIdentityType class are described below.
One or more values of type iodef:ExtensionType. This specification defines two extensions: EmailAddress and UserID.
5.3.1.1. EmailAddress
In reporting an identity fraud event, the reporting institution MAY include the victim's email address. This SHALL be achieved by placing an object of type iodef:Email in the IdentityComponent object. It SHALL contain the email address of the intended fraud victim.
The IdentityComponent.dtype attribute SHALL be set to the value "string".
The IdentityComponent.meaning attribute SHALL be set to the value "victim email address".
5.3.1.2. UserID
In reporting an identity fraud event, the reporting institution MAY include the victim's user id. This SHALL be achieved by placing an object of type iodef:ExtensionType in the IdentityComponent object. The data type of the extension contents SHALL be xs:string. It SHALL contain the user id of the intended fraud victim.
The IdentityComponent.type attribute SHALL be set to the value "string".
The IdentityComponent.meaning attribute SHALL be set to the value "victim user id".
5.4. FraudEventOtherType Class
The FraudEventOtherType class SHALL be used to report fraudulent events other than those detailed above, such as new event types that may emerge at some time in the future. This class enables such events to be reported, using this specification, even though the specific characteristics of such events have not yet been formally identified. By reporting the details of these unspecified event types, other institutions may be able to detect similar fraudulent activity.
The structure of the FraudEventOtherType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 11.
+-------------+
| FraudEvent- |
| OtherType |
+-------------+
| |<>----------[ OtherEventType ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PayeeName ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PostalAddress ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ BankID ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ AccountID ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ AccountType ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ PayeeAmount ]
| |<>--{0..1}--[ OtherEventDescription ]
+-------------+
Figure 11. The FraudEventOtherType class
Many of the components of the FraudEventOtherType class are also components of the FraudEventPaymentType or FraudEventTransferType classes. Their use in the FraudEventOtherType class is identical to their use in those classes. Therefore, their descriptions are not duplicated here. Only components that are unique to the FraudEventOtherType class are described below.
One value of type xs:anyURI. A name that classifies the event.
A list of registered other event type identifiers is maintained at:
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/resources/other-event-type
Requests to register new values SHOULD be made at:
http://www.openauthentication.org/thraud/register/other-event-type
Zero or one values of type iodef:MLString. A free-form textual description of the event.
The AmountType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 12. It SHALL be used to report the amount of a payment or transfer fraud.
+------------------+
| AmountType |
+------------------+
| DECIMAL |
| |
| STRING currency |
+------------------+
Figure 12. The AmountType Class
The contents of the AmountType class are described below.
REQUIRED DECIMAL. The amount of the payment or transfer.
REQUIRED STRING. The three letter currency code [ISO4217].
The AccountTypeType class SHALL be as shown in Figure 13. It SHALL be used to report the type of the destination account.
+-----------------+
| AccountTypeType |
+-----------------+
| STRING |
| |
| STRING lang |
+-----------------+
Figure 13. The AccountTypeType class
Receiving organizations MUST be capable of processing contents containing spelling variations.
6. IODEF Profile for an Activity Thraud Report
This section describes the profile of the IODEF Incident class for a compliant Activity Thraud Report.
A Thraud Report SHALL conform to the data model specified for an IODEF-Document in [RFC5070]. The following components of that data model, while optional in IODEF, are REQUIRED in a conformant Thraud Report.
Receiving organizations MAY reject documents that do not contain all these components. Therefore, reporting organizations MUST populate them all.
Except where noted, these components SHALL be interpreted as described in [RFC5070].
Incident.purpose
Incident.IncidentID
Incident.ReportTime
Incident.Assessment
Incident.Assessment.Impact
Incident.Assessment.Confidence
Incident.Contact
Incident.Contact.Email – An email address at which the reporting organization may be contacted.
Incident.Contact.ContactName - The name of the reporting organization. In case the reporting organization acts as a consolidator of reports from other organizations, elements of this class SHALL contain the name of the consolidator.
Incident.EventData
Incident.EventData.DetectTime - The date and time at which the fraud or fraud attempt was detected. Incident.EventData.AdditionalData – SHALL contain exactly one Thraud Record.
Receiving organizations SHOULD be capable of processing the following objects. However, they MUST NOT reject documents either because they are present or absent.
If available, reporting organizations SHOULD include these components in Thraud Reports. Except where noted, these elements SHALL be interpreted as described in [RFC5070].
Incident.Contact.Contact.ContactName - The name of the reporting fraud analyst.
Incident.Contact.Contact.Email - The email address of the reporting fraud analyst.
Incident.Contact.Contact.Telephone - The telephone number of the reporting fraud analyst.
Incident.EventData
Incident.EventData.Flow
Incident.EventData.Flow.System
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Service
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Service.Application - Information about the software used by the attacker, including the type and version of operating system, communication and application software.
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node.Address
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node.Address.category
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node.Address.vlan-num - The IPv4 or IPv6 address or subnet mask locating the node from which the fraud was executed, depending upon the accompanying value of the 'category' attribute. Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node.Location - The name and address of the owner of the DNS domain from which the fraud or fraud attempt was executed.
Incident.EventData.Flow.System.Node.NodeName
This profile provides no guidance to receiving organizations on the proper processing of the following components. Therefore, the reporting organization has no assurance that the receiving organization will handle them in an appropriate manner and SHOULD NOT include them in a Thraud Report. However, receiving organizations MUST NOT reject reports that do contain these components.
Incident.ext-purpose
Incident.restriction
Incident.AlternativeID
Incident.RelatedActivity
Incident.StartTime
Incident.EndTime
Incident.Description
Incident.Method
Incident.History
Incident.AdditionalData
7. IODEF profile for a Signature Thraud Report
A Signature Thraud Report SHALL convey information about the behavior associated with fraudulent events, rather than reporting the details of the specific events themselves.
Sharing Signature Thraud Reports helps receiving organizations to detect suspicious behavior in their own systems.
A Signature Thraud Report SHALL conform to the profile described in section 6, with the exception that the following additional components MUST be included. Except where noted, these elements SHALL be interpreted as described in [RFC5070].
Incident.Assessment.Impact.severity
Incident.Method.Reference.ReferenceName - A name that identifies the Signature Thraud Report.
Incident.Method.Description - A brief description of the behavior covered by the signature.
8. IODEF Additional Attribute Values
Additional IODEF attribute standard values are defined here.
The following additional values are defined for the Incident.purpose attribute.
Add - The enclosed Thraud Record values SHOULD be added to the corpus by the receiving organization.
Delete - The enclosed Thraud Record types SHOULD be deleted from the corpus by the receiving organization.
Modify - The enclosed Thraud Record values SHOULD replace the corresponding values in the corpus. Where no corresponding types currently exist in the corpus, the enclosed values SHOULD be added to the corpus by the receiving organization.
This document describes a document format for exchanging information about successful or attempted transaction and authentication fraud incidents. The information is intended to be used to improve the effectiveness of participants' fraud detection and prevention programs. The effectiveness of such programs depends critically on the accuracy, reliability, confidentiality and timeliness of both the information and the participants in its exchange. Threats to accuracy, reliability and confidentiality include (but are not limited to) those described here.
Fraudsters may attempt to introduce reports that delete or modify incident information in the corpus. Therefore, origin authentication MUST be employed. Human review SHOULD be performed prior to implementing modifications to the corpus.
Fraudsters may attempt to interrupt or redirect submissions, thereby preventing the sharing of intelligence concerning their fraud strategies. Therefore, authenticated receipts SHOULD be employed.
Fraudsters may attempt to impersonate legitimate submitters, thereby poisoning their reputations, and rendering ineffective their future submissions. Origin authentication MUST be used to ensure that the sources of reports are properly identified.
Fraudsters that can view incident reports may adapt their fraud strategies to avoid detection. Therefore, reports MUST be protected by confidentiality services including transport encryption and access control.
In order to prevent inadvertent disclosure of incident data, incident reports SHOULD be encrypted while in storage.
The submitter of an incident report may incorrectly identify legitimate activity as a fraud incident. This may lead to denial of service by a receiving organization that relies on the report or information derived from the report. Receiving organizations SHOULD operate a reputation service, in which the reliability of the information from particular sources is assessed and tracked and subsequent reports are weighted accordingly. The source of reports MUST be authenticated. Receiving organizations SHOULD use reports to step-up authentication assurance, rather than simply denying service.
A receiving organization may misuse a Thraud report to deny service, resulting in a loss for a legitimate user. If such a user were to learn the identity of the source of the information that led to the denial of service, then that source may become implicated in any resulting claim for compensation. This, in turn, may discourage reporting organizations from participating in intelligence sharing. Therefore, original sources SHOULD NOT be identified in consolidated reports.
Any origin authentication and data integrity mechanism that is acceptable to both parties MAY be used.
Any transport confidentiality mechanism that is acceptable to both parties MAY be used.
This specification does not include a data compression technique. Therefore, it does not introduce any denial of service vulnerabilities related to decompression.
This specification proposes the registration of two identifiers:
- The media sub-type name 'thraud+xml' in the standard registration tree.
- The xml namespace identifier - urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:thraud-1.0.
Type name: application
Subtype name: thraud+xml
Required parameters: none.
Optional parameters: same as the charset parameter of application/xml as specified in [RFC3023].
Encoding considerations: same as encoding considerations of application/xml as specified in [RFC3023].
Security considerations: this registration has all of the security considerations described in [RFC3023] in addition to those in section 9, above.
Interoperability considerations: this registration has all of the interoperability considerations described in [RFC3023].
Published specification: the media type data format is defined in this specification.
Applications that use this media type: transaction and authentication fraud analysis and reporting applications and risk-based transaction and authentication evaluation applications.
Additional information
Magic number(s): see [RFC3023]
File extension: .xml
Macintosh file type codes: none
Person and email address to contact for further information: D M'Raihi, dmraihi@verisign.com
Intended usage - LIMITED USAGE
Restrictions on usage: thraud media are intended for no usage other than the exchange of fraud intelligence data.
Author: D M'Raihi
Change controller: D M'Raihi
IANA is requested to register the xml namespace identifier: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:thraud-1.0.
This specification introduces transaction fraud (Thraud) reporting document structure that enable the sharing of fraud data. Based on the IODEF-Document format, the proposed extension facilitates interoperability to increase the security of online applications.
[ISO13616-1:2007] Financial services - International bank account number (IBAN) -- Part 1: Structure of the IBAN.
[ISO4217] International Organization for Standardization, "International Standard: Codes for the representation of currencies and funds, ISO 4217:2001", August 2001.
[ISO9362:1994] Banking - Banking telecommunication messages - Bank identifier codes.
[RFC2119] S. Bradner, "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3023] M. Murata, "XML Media Types", RFC 3023, Jan 2001.
[RFC4519] Sciberras, A., "Schema for User Applications", RFC 4519, June 2006.
[RFC5070] R. Danyliw, The Incident Object Description Exchange Format, RFC 5070, December 2007, available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5070.txt
[UML] ISO/IEC 19501:2005 Information technology - Open Distributed P